The goal of it work is to examine the end result out of breed and you will many years toward egg creation together with eggs external and you can inner quality in five Italian dual-objective breeds , at first and lots of months later than simply earliest weeks putting interest that occurred, correspondingly, after summer/beginning of trip and also in winter, around varying environmental requirements.

2.step one. Pet and Rearing Standards

Five Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), had been believed on analysis. The human body lbs out of mature lady is 1.twenty five kilogram for the PP, dos.31 kilogram in Emergency room and step 3.05 kg into the RM and you can RL. The provider ‘s the Veneto region (Italy): PP are an old local breed; its origin is actually dated returning to brand new XIX century, however, den vackraste italiensk-flickan zero appropriate analysis to your their genetic supply are present. Additional types are built in the Veneto from inside the 1950s: the brand new Emergency room breed originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell reproduce) and Rhode Area (brown eggshell reproduce) types, whereas towards RM and you will RL types, Brown Orpington and you can White The usa, a few brown eggshell breeds were used . Plus the mature weight, this type of types disagree inside their plumage the colour: it’s golden into the PP, Emergency room reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage is actually mostly white having black extremities in several countries of your own muscles, black colored feathers out of primaries and tail and RL shows an excellent tawny plumage that have black colored feathers away from primaries and tail. Every types (Contour S1) show single comb and you can place shaded eggshell eggs (Contour S2).

dos. Material and techniques

Birds from for every breed hatched meanwhile (second half off elizabeth ranch of your Hub to have Poultry Biodiversity Maintenance on the Veneto region (they regularly offers this new rearing of these breeds too as for the eggs creation to have incubation and you can brooding), inside North Italy (45°02?53? N), from hatching into pubertal many years and you will from the laying period, which been on end from june toward beginning of fall (Figure step 1), with regards to the breed. Giving, rearing requirements (photoperiod, temperature) and prophylaxis tips were a similar to the five breeds, ever since out of hatching with the end of your own learned months, that has been within the , at 53 days of age. The fresh newly hatched chicks was in fact left indoors into the very first cuatro days away from lifestyle, at a green temperature decreasing out-of thirty-two to 24 °C, lower than infra-red radiation lighting fixtures, to the litter. At 1.5 days old, brand new wild birds received totally free the means to access outside room, from spring so you’re able to fall and you can winter months. Per breed (60 hens) got free accessibility outside (5 meters 2 /bird) area (equipped with linear drinkers), where in fact the hens existed all round the day, and also to indoor (cuatro hens/meters dos ) room (wood shavings and you will straw litter, with perches and you will game feeders), used mainly to have installing eggs (collective nests) as well as evening; the room (interior and you will backyard) offered to for every breed was split from the netting.

At the beginning of laying (around twenty-two weeks old towards the reproduce having prior to start of laying), during the September–October, depending on the reproduce, the fresh photoperiod was sheer and you can coming down, with regards to the 12 months in addition to geographical condition of the demonstration station from inside the North Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd several months (out-of 38 weeks old, of December in order to 53 weeks old), fake light is slowly increased (inside interior area, filament-based light bulb, on 60 lux) to track down good photoperiod from 14L:10D. New photoperiod try regulated from the a timer, therefore was accomplished by flipping on brand new light one hour prior to dawn and you may turning off it one hour after sunset. This new additional environment temperature is ten ± step three.4 °C and you may 11 ± step 3.0 °C, correspondingly, on earliest (right from the start out of October for the prevent out of November) and also the 2nd (right from the start from January into end of March) laying symptoms, when the investigation toward yield results and eggs quality was accumulated. The fresh pets received advertising libitum industrial feeds based on their mental stage (about three diversified industrial feeds inside the expanding months). On the very first putting stage (26–33 weeks old, lower than coming down pure photoperiod), if types been installing, brand new wild birds got a professional pelleted offer (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = nine.1%, Me = thirteen.seven MJ/kg), during the a ratio of just one:1. It’s really worth recalling that, at this decades, only the twin-goal and you may shaded eggshell breeds exhibited a changeable start of installing and you will eggs creation price, whereas the fresh new hens of the almost every other varieties of the fresh new Maintenance Hub getting Biodiversity and hatched at the same time of your own studied types, including the light eggshell breeds, didn’t start laying (Padovana breed) otherwise it shown an incredibly scant putting activity (Polverara breed), never reaching the endurance out of ten% hen–time egg creation. The cause of the choice of the brand new Maintenance Middle, not to ever explore a feed getting laying hens through the this era, was due to not pressuring brand new pullets so you can eggs design through the a month with coming down temperature and you may photoperiod. New wild birds grew external, significantly less than favourable standards getting skeletal fitness, perambulating crushed and you will significantly less than solar light. From the back yard each reproduce, the clear presence of lawn offered to new wild birds is highest throughout the this new growing several months than at start of putting, hence taken place pursuing the summer season, in the event the precipitation is scarce and you can failed to allow for a turf regrowth. Away from 38 to 53 months of age, and not as much as broadening photoperiod, this new hens had been fed a commercial pelleted offer to own laying (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All nourishes comprised mainly regarding maize and you may soybean.